Mainly Toll-like receptor 9, a pathogen recognition receptor of the innate The interaction between MID and the B cell receptorĢ+ mobilization and receptor clustering in lipid raft motifs followed by internalization Moraxella IgD-binding protein designated MID. Moraxella bind to tonsillar B cells through the superantigen Moraxella pathogenesis since palatine tonsils are a potential tissue reservoir. These findings have significant implications for Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles that also exist in patients can activate human B cells isolatedįrom pharyngeal lymphoid tissue. Interact with the host, and hence the possibility to modify the immune response without Outer membrane vesicles secreted by pathogenic bacteria are recognized as a long-distanceĭelivery system which transports diverse virulence factors, and allows pathogens to Response using its superantigen-bearing OMV as decoys. Moraxella avoid direct interaction with host B cells by redirecting the adaptive humoral immune In vivo, as OMV equipped with MID and DNA were found in a 9-year old patient suffering from DNA associated with OMV induced full B cell activation by Marker density (HLA-DR, CD45, CD64, and CD86), whereas MID-deficient OMV failed to + lymphocytes resulting in IL-6 and IgM production in addition to increased surface OMV containing MID bound to and activated tonsillar CD19 Of the OMV, i.e., MID and unmethylated CpG-DNA motifs, were found to be critical forī cell activation. Were found to colocalize in lipid raft motifs after exposure to OMV. Induced by OMV begins with IgD B cell receptor (BCR) clustering and CaĢ+ mobilization followed by BCR internalization. To interact and activate B cells leading to bacterial rescue. Moraxella are endocytosed and killed by human tonsillar B cells, whereas OMV have the potential Moraxella catarrhalis reside in tonsils adjacent to B cells, and we have previously shown thatĬatarrhalis induce a T cell independent B cell response by the immunoglobulin (Ig) D-binding Secretion of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) is an intriguing phenomenon of Gram-negativeīacteria and has been suggested to play a role as virulence factors.
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